Staying Current in Digital Imaging Technologies: Considerations for Managers

Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology (SWGIT)

   See also the instructional videos on "Crime Scene and Evidence Photography"

Introduction

Advances in digital imaging technologies often lead to changes in work processes and training requirements. Whether migrating from film or upgrading existing digital imaging technologies, these changes should be done only after examining current operating procedures and completing a needs assessment. This should involve the participation of the organization’s imaging and/or subject matter experts.

Needs Assessment¹

• Prior to selecting any digital imaging technology, current practices should be examined to determine if there is a need to replace or enhance existing technology.


• The ability to make use of archived images (e.g., negatives, media, file formats) needs to be considered.

Cost Analysis^1,2,3

• Prior to selecting an imaging system, a cost-benefit analysis should be conducted to determine the cost justification of a system purchase and to determine the possible advantages and disadvantages to the agency with its implementation.


• This analysis would allow a financial comparison between the current and proposed imaging systems to make a procurement decision.


• The analysis must consider every relevant step of the imaging chain: acquisition/capture; transmission; storage; processing; archiving and retrieval.


• To determine a cost estimate, the following components for each step of the imaging chain should be considered: hardware; software; maintenance; security; training; facilities upgrades; site preparation; staffing and consumables.


• Managers should be aware of the recurring costs associated with maintaining and upgrading imaging systems. Unless these costs are factored into the budget, the system is in danger of becoming obsolete. Some agencies annually budget approximately 15 percent of the original system acquisition cost for upgrades, training, and maintenance.

Image Quality and Storage^1,4,5,9

• When determining resolution requirements, the intended usage and data storage requirements should be considered.


• The selection of a storage media may depend on file size, the number of files, the length of time the files are to be retained, the storage media, the archiving system, and the integration with existing systems.


• Image compression can affect image quality and should be considered carefully.

Equipment Evaluation

• Information used to evaluate suitability of new imaging technology should include feedback from agencies currently using the equipment in similar applications, product reviews, and vendor specification sheets.


• Prior to making a final selection, request a demonstration of new imaging technologies using representative samples of casework and do not rely solely upon prepackaged demonstrations.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and Training

• SOPs must be developed to ensure consistency, quality, integrity, and repeatability of the process.


• Staff should be trained to competency in photography, all imaging equipment, hardware, software, and processes to include SOPs.


• Continuing training in imaging technology and processing is required.

Legal Considerations⁸

• Review of SOPs by departmental counsel may be helpful.


• Personnel should be familiar with how the rules of evidence apply with respect to the admissibility of evidence and expert testimony.


• Case law supports the admissibility of digital images on the same principles as film-based images. For details, in your jurisdiction, consult with your local legal counsel.

 Earn a Degree in Crime Scene Investigation, Forensic Science, Computer Forensics or Forensic Psychology

---

1. See SWGIT Guidelines for Field Applications of Imaging Technologies in the Criminal Justice System
2. See SWGIT Guidelines and Recommendations for Training in Imaging Technologies in the Criminal Justice System
3. See SWGDE/SWGIT Proficiency Test Program Guidelines
4. See SWGIT Overview of SWGIT and the Use of Imaging Technology in the Criminal Justice System
5. See SWGIT Recommendations and Guidelines for the Use of Digital Image Processing in the Criminal Justice System
6. See SWGDE/SWGIT Recommended Guidelines for Developing Standard Operating Procedures
7. See SWGDE/SWGIT Guidelines & Recommendations for Training in Digital & Multimedia Evidence
8. See SWGIT Digital Imaging Technology Issues for the Courts
9. See SWGIT Issues Relating to Digital Image Compression and File Format

---

Disclaimer:

As a condition to the use of this document and the information contained herein, the SWGIT requests notification by e-mail before or contemporaneously to the introduction of this document, or any portion thereof, as a marked exhibit offered for or moved into evidence in any judicial, administrative, legislative, or adjudicatory hearing or other proceeding (including discovery proceedings) in the United States or any foreign country. Such notification shall include: 1) the formal name of the proceeding, including docket number or similar identifier; 2) the name and location of the body conducting the hearing or proceeding; 3) the name, mailing address (if available) and contact information of the party offering or moving the document into evidence. Subsequent to the use of this document in a formal proceeding, it is requested that SWGIT be notified as to its use and the outcome of the proceeding. Notifications should be sent to: Chair@swgit.org

Redistribution Policy:

SWGIT grants permission for redistribution and use of all publicly posted documents created by SWGIT, provided that the following conditions are met:

1. Redistributions of documents, or parts of documents, must retain the SWGIT cover page containing the disclaimer.
2. Neither the name of SWGIT, nor the names of its contributors, may be used to endorse or promote products derived from its documents.

Any reference or quote from a SWGIT document must include the version number (or create date) of the document and mention if the document is in a draft status.

---